Nobel prize physiology and medicine list
(source Wikipedia, marked the physiological and neurophysiological subjects)
1901 – Emil von Behring, Germany, for making a serum to stop people getting the disease diphtheria
1902 – Ronald Ross, United Kingdom, for work on malaria
1903 – Niels Ryberg Finsen, Denmark, for treating Lupus vulgaris (tuberculosis of the skin), with light radiation
1904 – Ivan Pavlov, Russia, for his work on the way digestion works
1905 – Robert Koch, Germany, for studying tuberculosis
1906 – Camillo Golgi, Italy and Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Spain for their work on the parts of the nervous system
1907 – Alphonse Laveran, France, for his work on the way protozoa can cause disease
1908 – Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, Russia, and Paul Ehrlich, Germany, for finding out how immunity fights disease
1909 – Emil Theodor Kocher, Switzerland, for his work on the thyroid gland
1910 – Albrecht Kossel, Germany, for his work on proteins and nucleic substances
1911 – Allvar Gullstrand, Sweden, for his work on light refraction and the eye
1912 – Alexis Carrel, France, for his work on joining blood vessels and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs
1913 – Charles Robert Richet, France, for his work on anaphylaxis
1914 – Robert Bárány, Austria, for his work on the ear and balance
1915 – Not awarded
1916 – Not awarded
1917 – Not awarded
1918 – Not awarded
1919 – Jules Bordet, Belgium, for his discoveries about immunity
1920 – August Krogh, Denmark, for his discoveries about capillaries
1921 – Not awarded
1922 – Archibald Vivian Hill, United Kingdom, for finding out how muscles make heat
1922 – Otto Fritz Meyerhof, Germany, for finding out how oxygen makes chemical changes in lactic acid in muscles
1923 – Frederick Grant Banting, Canada and John Macleod, Canada, for the discovery of insulin
1924 – Willem Einthoven, The Netherlands, for inventing the electrocardiogram
1925 – Not awarded
1926 – Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger, Denmark, for his discovery that an infection could lead to cancer
1927 – Julius Wagner-Jauregg, Austria, for his discovery that malaria inoculation helps the treatment of paralysis
1928 – Charles Jules Henri Nicolle, France, for his work on typhus
1929 – Christiaan Eijkman, The Netherlands, for finding out how to use a vitamin to stop nerve pain
1929 – Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, United Kingdom, for his discovery of the vitamins that help growth
1930 – Karl Landsteiner, Austria, for discovery of human blood types
1931 – Otto Heinrich Warburg, Germany, for his discovery of the respiratory enzyme
1932 – Sir Charles Scott Sherrington, United Kingdom, and Edgar Douglas Adrian, United Kingdom, for discoveries about neurons (nerve cells)
1933 – Thomas Hunt Morgan, United States, for his work on chromosomes and heredity
1934 – George Hoyt Whipple, George Richards Minot, and William Parry Murphy, United States, for their work on how eating liver could cure anaemia
1935 – Hans Spemann, Germany, for finding the organizer effect in embryonic development
1936 – Sir Henry Hallett Dale, United Kingdom, and Otto Loewi, Austria for their discoveries about neurotransmitters and nerve impulses
1937 – Albert Szent-Györgyi, Hungary, for his discoveries about cells, vitamin C and chemical changes of fumaric acid
1938 – Corneille Heymans, Belgium, for work on the paranasal sinus and aortic mechanisms in the control of breathing
1939 – Gerhard Domagk, Germany, for finding the antibacterial effects of prontosil
1940 – Not awarded
1941 – Not awarded
1942 – Not awarded
1943 – Henrik Carl Peter Dam, Denmark, for his discovery of vitamin K
1943 – Edward Adelbert Doisy, United States, for work on vitamin K
1944 – Joseph Erlanger and Herbert Gasser, United States, for their discoveries about single nerve fibres
1945 – Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst Boris Chain, United Kingdom and Howard Walter Florey, Australia, for the discovery of penicillin and making it into an antibiotic to cure infectious diseases
1946 – Hermann Joseph Muller, United States, for the discovery of mutations caused by X-ray irradiation
1947 – Carl Ferdinand Cori and Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz, United States, for their work on catalytic conversion of glycogen
1947 – Bernardo Alberto Houssay, Argentina, for finding out how the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe works in the metabolism of sugar
1948 – Paul Hermann Müller, Switzerland, for his work on DDT as a poison against several insects
1949 – Walter Rudolf Hess, Switzerland, for his discovery of the way the brain controls the internal organs
1949 – António Egas Moniz, Portugal, for using leucotomy (brain surgery) to cure some mental illnesses
1950 – Philip French, Edward Kendall, United States, and Tadeusz Reichstein, Switzerland, for the hormones of the adrenal cortex
1951 – Max Theiler, Union of South Africa, for his discoveries about yellow fever
1952 – Selman Waksman, United States, for discovering streptomycin, the first antibiotic to work against tuberculosis
1953 – Hans Krebs, United Kingdom, for his discovery of the citric acid cycle
1953 – Fritz Lipmann, United States, for his discovery of co-enzyme A
1954 – John Enders, Frederick Robbins, and Thomas Weller, United States, for discovering the poliomyelitis virus and growing it in a laboratory
1955 – Hugo Theorell, Sweden, for his discoveries about enzymes changing with oxygen
1956 – André Cournand, Dickinson Richards, United States, and Werner Forssmann, Federal Republic of Germany, for their discoveries about heart catheterization and changes in the circulatory system
1957 – Daniel Bovet, Italy for his work on antihistamine and what they do to parts of the body
1958 – George Beadle and Edward Tatum, United States, for finding out how genes work
1958 – Joshua Lederberg, United States, for finding out how genetic recombination works in bacteria (transduction (genetics))
1959 – Arthur Kornberg and Severo Ochoa, United States, for their discovery of how living things make ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
1960 – Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet, Australia, and Sir Peter Medawar, United Kingdom, for their discovery of acquired immune tolerance
1961 – Georg von Békésy, United States, for his discoveries about the cochlea (inner ear)
1962 – Francis Crick, United Kingdom, James D. Watson, United States, and Maurice Wilkins, New Zealand, for finding the structure of nucleic acids and its importance in coding information in living things
1963 – Sir John Eccles, Australia, Alan Hodgkin, United Kingdom, and Andrew Huxley, United Kingdom, for their discoveries about nerve cell membrane
1964 – Konrad Bloch, United States, and Feodor Lynen, Federal Republic of Germany, for finding out how cholesterol and fatty acid work in the body
1965 – François Jacob, André Lwoff, and Jacques Monod, France, for finding out how genes control viruses
1966 – Peyton Rous, United States, for his discovery that viruses can cause tumours
1966 – Charles Brenton Huggins, United States, for using hormonal treatment of prostate cancer
1967 – Ragnar Granit, Sweden, Haldan Keffer Hartline, and George Wald, United States, for their discoveries about how the eye works
1968 – Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind Khorana, and Marshall W. Nirenberg, United States, for their understanding of the genetic code and its role in protein synthesis
1969 – Max Delbrück, Alfred Hershey, and Salvador Luria, United States, for finding how viruses reproduce
1970 – Julius Axelrod, Ulf von Euler, Sweden, and Sir Bernard Katz, United Kingdom, for finding out about transmittors in the nerve terminals and how they work
1971 – Earl W. Sutherland, Jr., United States, for his discoveries about hormones
1972 – Gerald M. Edelman, United States, and Rodney R. Porter, United Kingdom, for finding out the chemical structure of antibodies
1973 – Karl von Frisch, Federal Republic of Germany, Konrad Lorenz, Austria, and Nikolaas Tinbergen, United Kingdom, for their discoveries about individual and social behaviour patterns
1974 – Albert Claude, Christian de Duve, Belgium, and George E. Palade, United States, for their discoveries about cells
1975 – David Baltimore, Howard Temin, and Renato Dulbecco, United States, for finding what happens when tumour causing viruses infect normal cells
1976 – Baruch S. Blumberg and D. Carleton Gajdusek, United States, for their discoveries about the beginnings and spreading of infectious diseases
1977 – Roger Guillemin, Andrew W. Schally, United States, for their discoveries about how the brain makes peptide hormone
1977 – Rosalyn Yalow, United States, for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones
1978 – Werner Arber, Switzerland, Daniel Nathans, United States, and Hamilton O. Smith, United States for finding restriction enzymes and their use in molecular genetics
1979 – Allan M. Cormack, United States, and Godfrey N. Hounsfield, United Kingdom, for the development of computer assisted tomography
1980 – Baruj Benacerraf, United States, Jean Dausset, France, and George D. Snell, United States, for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that control immunological reactions
1981 – Roger Sperry, United States, for finding out the role of the cerebral hemispheres of the brain
1981 – David Hubel, United States, and Torsten Wiesel, Sweden, for their discoveries about information processing in the visual system
1982 – Sune Bergström, Bengt I. Samuelsson, Sweden, and John R. Vane, United Kingdom, for their discoveries about prostaglandins
1983 – Barbara McClintock, United States, for her discovery of mobile genetic elements
1984 – Niels K. Jerne, Denmark, Georges Köhler, Germany, Federal Republic of Germany, César Milstein, Argentina and the United Kingdom, for theories about the development and control of the immune system and the discovery of monoclonal antibodies are made
1985 – Michael S. Brown, and Joseph L. Goldstein, United States, for finding out how cholesterol is controlled
1986 – Stanley Cohen, United States, and Rita Levi-Montalcini, Italy and the United States, for their discoveries of growth factors
1987 – Susumu Tonegawa, Japan, for his discovery how the genes make different antibodies
1988 – Sir James Black United Kingdom, Gertrude B. Elion, and George H. Hitchings, United States, for finding important rules for drug treatment
1989 – J. Michael Bishop and Harold Varmus, United States, found how disturbing a large family of genes that control the normal growth and division of cells, can cause normal cells to change into cancer cells
1990 – Joseph E. Murray and E. Donnall Thomas, United States, for their discoveries about organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of disease
1991 – Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann, Federal Republic of Germany, for finding what single ion channels do in cells
1992 – Edmond H. Fischer, Switzerland and the United States, and Edwin G. Krebs, United States, for finding reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological control mechanism
1993 – Richard Roberts, United Kingdom, and Phillip Sharp, United States, for their discoveries of split genes
1994 – Alfred G. Gilman, and Martin Rodbell, United States, for finding G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells
1995 – Edward B. Lewis, United States, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Federal Republic of Germany, and Eric F. Wieschaus, United States, for finding how embryonic development is changed by genes
1996 – Peter C. Doherty, Australia, and Rolf M. Zinkernagel, Switzerland, for finding how the immune system knows which cells are virus-infected
1997 – Stanley B. Prusiner, United States, for his discovery of prions, proteins that make people sick
1998 – Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro and Ferid Murad, United States, for finding how nitric oxide works as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system
1999 – Günter Blobel, United States, for the discovery that proteins have built-in signals that control their transport and localization in the cell
2000 – Arvid Carlsson, Sweden, Paul Greengard, United States, and Eric Kandel, United States, for their discoveries about signal transduction in the nervous system
2001 – Leland Hartwell, United States, Tim Hunt, United Kingdom, and Sir Paul Nurse, United Kingdom, for finding the main controls in the cell cycle
2002 – Sydney Brenner, United Kingdom, H. Robert Horvitz, United States, and Sir John Sulston, United Kingdom, for their finding the genetic controls of organ development and programmed cell death
2003 – Paul Lauterbur, United States, and Sir Peter Mansfield, United Kingdom, for inventing magnetic resonance imaging
2004 – Richard Axel and Linda Buck, United States, for finding small receptors and the organization of the olfactory system, (how we smell things)
2005 – Barry Marshall and Robin Warren, Australia, for finding the bacterium Helicobacter pylori that causes gastritis and peptic ulcer disease
2006 – Andrew Fire and Craig Mello, United States, for finding how RNA interference can switch genes on or off
2007 – Mario Capecchi, United States, Sir Martin Evans, United Kingdom, Oliver Smithies, United States, for finding a way to switch off genes in mouse embryonic stem cells. This leads to genetically changed mice
2008 – Harald zur Hausen, Germany, for finding the human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer. Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier, France, for finding the human immunodeficiency virus
2009 – Elizabeth Blackburn, Australia, Carol Greider, US, and Jack Szostak, England, for their work on chromosomes
2010 – Robert Edwards, U.K., for the development of in vitro fertilization
2011 – Bruce Beutler, U.S.A., Jules Hoffmann, France, for their discoveries about how innate immunity is activated
Ralph Steinman, Canada/U.S.A. for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity (awarded posthumously)
2012 – John Gurdon, U.K., and Shinya Yamanaka, Japan, for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become stem cells
2013 – James Rothman, Randy Schekman, both US, and Thomas G. Sudhof, Germany for "discovering the molecular basis of neutrotransmitters release"
2014 – John O'Keefe U.K./U.S., May-Britt Moser & Edvard Moser Norway for "discovering the cells that make a positing system in the brain" (the hippocampus as a mental map for spatial memory)
2015 – William C. Campbell (1/4)/ Satoshi Ōmura (1/4) / Tu Youyou (1/2) for therapy against (respectively) roundworm parasites, and malaria
2016 – Yoshinori Ohsumi, Japan, for autophagy
2017 – Michael Rosbash, Michael W. Young & Jeffrey C. Hall, all U.S., for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm
2018 – James P. Allison, U.S, Tasuku Honjo, Japan, for "discovery of cancer therapy by inhibitation of negative immune regulation"
2019 – William Kaelin Jr., U.S., Peter J. Ratcliffe, U.K., Gregg L. Semenza, U.S. for "their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability"
2020 – Harvey J. Alter, U.S, Michael Houghton, U.K, & Charles M. Rice, U.S. for "the discovery of Hepatitis C virus"
2021 – David Julius, U.S. and Ardem Patapoutian, U.S. for "discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch"
Some interesting Nobel Prizes in Chemistry
1997 – Jens C. Skou, Denmark, for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na
+, K
+ -ATPase
2003 – Peter C. Agre U.S., discovery of the aquaporin water channels
